#Geography
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Planned urbanization- Why India needs to build new towns?
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Infrastructure- Smart Industrial cities- National Industrial Corridor program
🅾️Take away from this article?
🌟 Link between MSME and NICP - Using MSMEs for Inclusive growth through digital India
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Planned urbanization- Why India needs to build new towns?
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Infrastructure- Smart Industrial cities- National Industrial Corridor program
🅾️Take away from this article?
🌟 Link between MSME and NICP - Using MSMEs for Inclusive growth through digital India
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
image_2024-11-09_09-00-35.png
3 MB
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- debate on minority rights - AMU case
⚠️Legal interpretation uses both literal and purposive approaches.
🅾️The literal approach Azeez Basha case(1967),- AMU not a minority institution-Why?-> AMU is estd by Parliament- not muslim community
⚜️1981 AMU Amendment Act- AMU's minority status retained-> But fundamental question remained: Is the act of establishment the sole criterion for minority status, or should the institution's purpose and functioning be considered?
🅾️2024- SC's Purposive approach- new “holistic and realistic” test - > purpose over mere technicality
🌟1. Establishment Criterion: Whether the institution was originally set up for the benefit of a minority.
🌟2. Administrative Control and Function: Whether it continues to serve the educational and cultural needs of that minority, aligning with the spirit of Articles 29 and 30.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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⚠️Legal interpretation uses both literal and purposive approaches.
🅾️The literal approach Azeez Basha case(1967),- AMU not a minority institution-Why?-> AMU is estd by Parliament- not muslim community
⚜️1981 AMU Amendment Act- AMU's minority status retained-> But fundamental question remained: I
🅾️2024- SC's Purposive approach- new “holistic and realistic” test - > purpose over mere technicality
🌟1. Establishment Criterion: Whether the institution was originally set up for the benefit of a minority.
🌟2. Administrative Control and Function: Whether it continues to serve the educational and cultural needs of that minority, aligning with the spirit of Articles 29 and 30.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs3- power-Infra- Renewable energy - Wind Energy
🅾️What is the funda here?- Wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity, but as these machines age, their efficiency declines, meaning they produce less energy than newer, more advanced turbines.
Tamil Nadu, a leader in wind energy in India, has many turbines over 30 years old, limiting their output and reliability
🅾️Core Solutions -
⚜️1. Repowering- replacing older, smaller turbines (those over 15 years old and <2 MW capacity) with newer, higher-capacity turbines and
⚜️2. Refurbishment: Upgrades specific components to extend the lifespan and improve the efficiency of existing turbines. This option is cost-effective and minimizes installation challenges
🅾️Challenges in Implementing : Financial Viability
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️What is the funda here?- Wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity, but as these machines age, their efficiency declines, meaning they produce less energy than newer, more advanced turbines.
Tamil Nadu, a leader in wind energy in India, has many turbines over 30 years old, limiting their output and reliability
🅾️Core Solutions -
⚜️1. Repowering- replacing older, smaller turbines (those over 15 years old and <2 MW capacity) with newer, higher-capacity turbines and
⚜️2. Refurbishment: Upgrades specific components to extend the lifespan and improve the efficiency of existing turbines. This option is cost-effective and minimizes installation challenges
🅾️Challenges in Implementing : Financial Viability
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Inclusive growth/ Economic development
🔰Present strategy to achieve Inclusive growth
⚜️1) Reservations- Click here
⚜️2) Freebies- Click here
⚠️Both the above issues are referred to the courts- how to deal with this?- Now for this answer- Click here and also this article- Freebies should not be banned outright but regulated to ensure they are economically viable and targeted towards those who genuinely need them. Emphasis should be on sustainable development policies that promote long-term social and economic well-being.
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🔰Present strategy to achieve Inclusive growth
⚜️1) Reservations- Click here
⚜️2) Freebies- Click here
⚠️Both the above issues are referred to the courts- how to deal with this?- Now for this answer- Click here and also this article- Freebies should not be banned outright but regulated to ensure they are economically viable and targeted towards those who genuinely need them. Emphasis should be on sustainable development policies that promote long-term social and economic well-being.
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Forwarded from UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
image_2024-11-13_17-57-49.png
1.9 MB
✅Gs-4 : Ethical dilemmas- Concept of freewill
🅾️At its core, free will is the ability to make choices without being constrained by external forces (physical, social, or psychological).
🅾️So what is the issue?- Humans are often limited by various factors—biological needs, societal pressures, legal frameworks, and personal relationship
🅾️Freedom can be both personal (one's ability to make individual choices) and social (freedom within society). However, society often prioritizes collective harmony over individual freedom
⚠️BUT- From an evolutionary perspective, freedom (to a degree) enables humans to adapt and cooperate for survival. However, absolute freedom could disrupt social cohesion
🚫Freedom is shaped by our biology, society, and moral beliefs, making the "will" semi-free—free within the limits imposed by our environment and nature.
✅Join Ethics and Essay channel : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
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🅾️At its core, free will is the ability to make choices without being constrained by external forces (physical, social, or psychological).
🅾️So what is the issue?- Humans are often limited by various factors—biological needs, societal pressures, legal frameworks, and personal relationship
🅾️Freedom can be both personal (one's ability to make individual choices) and social (freedom within society). However, society often prioritizes collective harmony over individual freedom
⚠️BUT- From an evolutionary perspective, freedom (to a degree) enables humans to adapt and cooperate for survival. However, absolute freedom could disrupt social cohesion
🚫Freedom is shaped by our biology, society, and moral beliefs, making the "will" semi-free—free within the limits imposed by our environment and nature.
✅Join Ethics and Essay channel : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Climate change- Cop 29 Negotiations
🅾️ Baku, Azerbaijan
🔰Agenda : There are ongoing disagreements on how much should be raised, who should contribute, and how effectively funds are deployed to tackle climate change impacts globally. This is because, COP has been criticized for inadequate emission cuts, failure to meet the 1.5°C or 2°C targets, and unmet financial commitments.
⚜️Single point agenda- New climate finance target called the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)- You can read why this is the only agenda - in the context of OECD report on climate finance
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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🅾️ Baku, Azerbaijan
🔰Agenda : There are ongoing disagreements on how much should be raised, who should contribute, and how effectively funds are deployed to tackle climate change impacts globally. This is because, COP has been criticized for inadequate emission cuts, failure to meet the 1.5°C or 2°C targets, and unmet financial commitments.
⚜️Single point agenda- New climate finance target called the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)- You can read why this is the only agenda - in the context of OECD report on climate finance
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental rights- Due process of law- Issue of Bulldozer justice
🅾️ Supreme Court has set specific standards for demolitions linked to criminal accusations.
🅾️This ruling reinforces that the state has the power to act against crime but these actions must not violate individual rights or exceed legal authority.
⚜️Any demolition action must be carefully justified, legally sanctioned, and executed transparently, ensuring the balance between state power and individual rights.
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🅾️ Supreme Court has set specific standards for demolitions linked to criminal accusations.
🅾️This ruling reinforces that the state has the power to act against crime but these actions must not violate individual rights or exceed legal authority.
⚜️Any demolition action must be carefully justified, legally sanctioned, and executed transparently, ensuring the balance between state power and individual rights.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Climate change- Cop 29 Negotiations- Baku, Azerbaijan- Click here
⚜️Single point agenda- New climate finance target called the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)- You can read why this is the only agenda - in the context of OECD report on climate finance
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚜️Single point agenda- New climate finance target called the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)- You can read why this is the only agenda - in the context of OECD report on climate finance
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Direct tax reforms- anticipated review of the Income-tax Act, 1961
🅾️What is the funda?- enhancing transparency, efficiency, and fairness-> will boost economic competitiveness, ease of doing business, and taxpayer confidence.
⚠️How to achieve the funda?
1. Litigation Mitigation: Establishing a permanent dispute resolution mechanism to reduce judicial backlog and ensure faster resolution for taxpayers
2. Uniform Tax Interpretation: Empowering the CBDT to issue clear and consistent guidelines to prevent arbitrary interpretations by officers. Ex : Section 119 of the IT act
3. Simplifying Rules for Mergers and Share Transactions: Addressing ambiguities in capital gains rules, particularly in cases involving bonus shares or company mergers- Ex : Grandfathering clause
4. Respecting Supreme Court Judgments: Minimizing reviews of settled cases to reduce uncertainty
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️What is the funda?- enhancing transparency, efficiency, and fairness-> will boost economic competitiveness, ease of doing business, and taxpayer confidence.
⚠️How to achieve the funda?
1. Litigation Mitigation: Establishing a permanent dispute resolution mechanism to reduce judicial backlog and ensure faster resolution for taxpayers
2. Uniform Tax Interpretation: Empowering the CBDT to issue clear and consistent guidelines to prevent arbitrary interpretations by officers. Ex : Section 119 of the IT act
3. Simplifying Rules for Mergers and Share Transactions: Addressing ambiguities in capital gains rules, particularly in cases involving bonus shares or company mergers- Ex : Grandfathering clause
4. Respecting Supreme Court Judgments: Minimizing reviews of settled cases to reduce uncertainty
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-1 : Indian Society- Urbanization- Trajectory of Indian Urbanization-Click here
✅Gs-2 : We spoke about the need for strengthening local bodies -Read here
⚠️CAG RAISES CONCERNS - Urban Governance- you can use this report for substantiation
🅾️Resource-Spending Gap:A 42% gap exists between the resources and expenditure of ULBs.
⚜️Only 29% of expenditures are directed towards programmatic and developmental work.
🅾️Revenue generation problem : ULBs generate only 32% of their revenue, relying heavily on Union and state government transfers. They were able to collect only 56% of their property tax demand.
🅾️Staff problem : Urban local bodies face an average 37% vacancy rate in sanctioned positions, hindering effective service delivery.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : We spoke about the need for strengthening local bodies -Read here
⚠️CAG RAISES CONCERNS - Urban Governance- you can use this report for substantiation
🅾️Resource-Spending Gap:A 42% gap exists between the resources and expenditure of ULBs.
⚜️Only 29% of expenditures are directed towards programmatic and developmental work.
🅾️Revenue generation problem : ULBs generate only 32% of their revenue, relying heavily on Union and state government transfers. They were able to collect only 56% of their property tax demand.
🅾️Staff problem : Urban local bodies face an average 37% vacancy rate in sanctioned positions, hindering effective service delivery.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#SnT
✅Defence- Pinaka Rocket system- MBRL
🅾️Fundamental Purpose: To improve strike capability over longer distances, allowing for a tactical advantage in border and conflict zones.
🅾️Extended range (75 km) → Expanded coverage and ability to target distant positions → Enhanced strategic depth in defensive and offensive maneuvers.Salvo mode allows firing at multiple targets in rapid succession → Higher impact in short engagements → Increased ability to neutralize threats quickly.
⚠️Provisional Staff Qualitative Requirements (PSQR):specific set of performance standards that the Pinaka system must meet to qualify for military induction
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✅Defence- Pinaka Rocket system- MBRL
🅾️Fundamental Purpose: To improve strike capability over longer distances, allowing for a tactical advantage in border and conflict zones.
🅾️Extended range (75 km) → Expanded coverage and ability to target distant positions → Enhanced strategic depth in defensive and offensive maneuvers.Salvo mode allows firing at multiple targets in rapid succession → Higher impact in short engagements → Increased ability to neutralize threats quickly.
⚠️Provisional Staff Qualitative Requirements (PSQR):specific set of performance standards that the Pinaka system must meet to qualify for military induction
🎖Join
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
image_2024-11-19_20-21-59.png
2.2 MB
✅Gs-2 : IR- India's Neighbourhood First policy challenges and recalibration.
🔰Core issues :
⚜️India's Dominance Perception: Criticism for flexing power; erosion of trust.
⚜️Diplomatic Gaps: Nepali PM bypassing India, strained ties with Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh.
⚜️Nepal Concerns: Madhesi issue, rising anti-India sentiment, strained government ties.
🔰Policy Concerns:
⚜️Non-alignment with neighbors’ concerns.
⚜️Mixed signals—flexing influence versus mutual respect.
⚜️Lack of institutional focus on regional trust-building.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🔰Core issues :
⚜️India's Dominance Perception: Criticism for flexing power; erosion of trust.
⚜️Diplomatic Gaps: Nepali PM bypassing India, strained ties with Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh.
⚜️Nepal Concerns: Madhesi issue, rising anti-India sentiment, strained government ties.
🔰Policy Concerns:
⚜️Non-alignment with neighbors’ concerns.
⚜️Mixed signals—flexing influence versus mutual respect.
⚜️Lack of institutional focus on regional trust-building.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
image_2024-11-19_20-15-44.png
2.4 MB
✅Gs-3 : Internal security- Terrorism - V. IMP article!
🅾️Evolving Nature of Terrorism=Sophistication in Tactics: Modern networks exhibit precision in target selection
🅾️Transnational Networks: Links to Yemen, Lebanon, and other conflict zones demonstrate the cross-border spread of terrorism.
🅾️Technology in Terrorism: Advanced weapons, explosives
🅾️Global Socio-Economic Disparities: Inequalities and historical grievances act as fertile grounds for radicalization. Power vacuums in post-Cold War geopolitics (e.g., West Asia’s instability).
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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🅾️Evolving Nature of Terrorism=Sophistication in Tactics: Modern networks exhibit precision in target selection
🅾️Transnational Networks: Links to Yemen, Lebanon, and other conflict zones demonstrate the cross-border spread of terrorism.
🅾️Technology in Terrorism: Advanced weapons, explosives
🅾️Global Socio-Economic Disparities: Inequalities and historical grievances act as fertile grounds for radicalization. Power vacuums in post-Cold War geopolitics (e.g., West Asia’s instability).
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Environment- Climate change
🅾️What is Geoengineering- kinds and impacts?- Click here
⚜️Cloud seeding and its impact- calcium chloride as cloud seeding flare
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🅾️What is Geoengineering- kinds and impacts?- Click here
⚜️Cloud seeding and its impact- calcium chloride as cloud seeding flare
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✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Industrial Policy
🅾️Context : The global economy is witnessing a rise in activist industrial policies
🅾️What can happen as a result?- global overcapacity, lower international prices, and protectionist measures, thereby increasing costs for downstream sectors.
🅾️What is happening in india?- India’s Activist Industrial Policy:Make in India (launched in 2014) and Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)- Yet manufacturing growth has declined-GVA fell from 16-17% to 14-15% in recent years.
⚠️So what should we do?- Shift Away from Protectionism-adopt innovative technologies and integrate with global value chains.
⚜️We also need cooperative federalism for economic growth- Click here
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🅾️Context : The global economy is witnessing a rise in activist industrial policies
🅾️What can happen as a result?- global overcapacity, lower international prices, and protectionist measures, thereby increasing costs for downstream sectors.
🅾️What is happening in india?- India’s Activist Industrial Policy:Make in India (launched in 2014) and Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)- Yet manufacturing growth has declined-GVA fell from 16-17% to 14-15% in recent years.
⚠️So what should we do?- Shift Away from Protectionism-adopt innovative technologies and integrate with global value chains.
⚜️We also need cooperative federalism for economic growth- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Climate change- climate policy
🅾️What is carbon leakage?
🅾️What is CBAM? How not to get caught in the chakravyuh over access to transition minerals?-Click here
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🅾️What is carbon leakage?
🅾️What is CBAM? How not to get caught in the chakravyuh over access to transition minerals?-Click here
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@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Education- Higher Education.
⚠️If you want to read about education,this can form the structure for an essay - click and read here
🅾️In the above set of issues, Affordability issue is the one being addressed by this present scheme-PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme
⚠️Earlier, only low-income students benefited; now, it includes middle-income groups-Gives collateral-free loans (no security needed) to students for tuition and other course expenses.Covers students with family incomes up to ₹8 lakh per year. Adds a 3% interest discount during the repayment grace period (moratorium).
🅾️Eligibility: Students must be admitted to one of 860 top-ranking institutions as per NIRF rankings. Unlike earlier schemes, NAAC and NBA accreditation are not required, but institutions must be in NIRF's top lists.
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⚠️If you want to read about education,this can form the structure for an essay - click and read here
🅾️In the above set of issues, Affordability issue is the one being addressed by this present scheme-PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme
⚠️Earlier, only low-income students benefited; now, it includes middle-income groups-Gives collateral-free loans (no security needed) to students for tuition and other course expenses.Covers students with family incomes up to ₹8 lakh per year. Adds a 3% interest discount during the repayment grace period (moratorium).
🅾️Eligibility: Students must be admitted to one of 860 top-ranking institutions as per NIRF rankings. Unlike earlier schemes, NAAC and NBA accreditation are not required, but institutions must be in NIRF's top lists.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
#Environment
✅Gs-3 : Pollution- Air pollution
➡️Indoor Air Pollution-Meaning- Click here- PM2.5 particles are the primary indoor air pollutant, causing respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.
🅾️Ethical Issues: Air purifiers are costly and benefit only those who can afford them, creating inequity-Solutions like air purification do not address root causes of pollution, perpetuating systemic problems.
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✅Gs-3 : Pollution- Air pollution
➡️Indoor Air Pollution-Meaning- Click here- PM2.5 particles are the primary indoor air pollutant, causing respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.
🅾️Ethical Issues: Air purifiers are costly and benefit only those who can afford them, creating inequity-Solutions like air purification do not address root causes of pollution, perpetuating systemic problems.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
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✅Gs- 2 : Fundamental Rights/DPSP- evolution of the Right to Property
🅾️Article 39(b) (Directive Principle) directed that resources should serve the common good. Justice Krishna Iyer expanded this to include all property serving material needs of the community.
🅾️Case : Ranganatha Reddy vs State of Maharashtra -clarified that some private property, such as those used for production (factories), could be treated as "material resources of the community", but personal items (e.g., toothbrushes) are excluded= judgment limits state control over private property unless it serves community needs
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🅾️Article 39(b) (Directive Principle) directed that resources should serve the common good. Justice Krishna Iyer expanded this to include all property serving material needs of the community.
🅾️Case : Ranganatha Reddy vs State of Maharashtra -clarified that some private property, such as those used for production (factories), could be treated as "material resources of the community", but personal items (e.g., toothbrushes) are excluded= judgment limits state control over private property unless it serves community needs
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@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Climate change
🅾️Argentina- climate change-Paris Agreement Withdrawal
⚠️President Javier Milei, a known climate change skeptic, views the agreement as having elements that Argentina disagrees with- In order to really appreciate why this is such a misinformed opinion- you should read about the climate tipping points- click here
🅾️Implications of Withdrawal : practically nothing for argentina as these are VOLUNTARY In nature- maybe EU can impose trade protectionist measures like CBAM- CLick here
🚫That is why paris deal should have been binding!
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🅾️Argentina- climate change-Paris Agreement Withdrawal
⚠️President Javier Milei, a known climate change skeptic, views the agreement as having elements that Argentina disagrees with- In order to really appreciate why this is such a misinformed opinion- you should read about the climate tipping points- click here
🅾️Implications of Withdrawal : practically nothing for argentina as these are VOLUNTARY In nature- maybe EU can impose trade protectionist measures like CBAM- CLick here
🚫That is why paris deal should have been binding!
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu